Broadband coplanar‐waveguide and microstrip low‐noise amplifier hybrid integrations for K‐band substrate integrated waveguide applications on low‐permittivity substrate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
K‐band low‐noise amplifier (LNA) chips are integrated in low‐permittivity coplanar waveguide (CPW) and microstrip (MS) structures and are interconnected with substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) ports for direct applications in hybrid SIW technology. A commercial Hittite LNA chip is employed, and special transitions provide the interface between CPW or MS and SIW. The LNA with SIW‐to‐CPW transitions achieves more than 20 dB gain between 18 and 26.5 GHz, and input/output return losses remain below 10 dB between 21.5 and 26.5 GHz. Related design values for the LNA integration within SIW‐to‐MS transitions are: the gain is greater than 21 dB; the input/output return loss is better than 12 dB over the entire frequency range. Measurements of a back‐to‐back SIW‐to‐CPW transition are provided to put these values in perspective. The maximum noise figures are measured to be better than 4.6 and 4.2 dB, respectively, between 18 and 26.5 GHz. A comparison with measurements performed with an evaluation board supplied by the LNA manufacturer demonstrates successful K‐band LNA chip integrations within CPW/MS and SIW.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".