Hybridization and introgression between a rare and a common lady’s slipper orchid,<i>Cypripedium candidum</i>and<i>C. parviflorum</i>(Orchidaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extinction through hybridization can threaten endangered species when hybrids are vigorous and fertile. We studied hybridization between the endangered small white lady’s slipper ( Cypripedium candidum Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) and the common yellow lady’s slipper ( Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. makasin (Farwell) Sheviak and C. parviflorum var. pubescens (Willdenow) O.W. Knight) in four Manitoban populations. We used 8 morphological characters and 1061 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci to characterize variation in 182 plants. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that morphology was highly predictive of genetic composition. Ordination analyses of morphological and genetic data, and Bayesian clustering analysis of the genetic data, all clearly distinguished the two parental species. The two varieties of C. parviflorum were morphologically divergent but occupied the same genetic cluster in both ordination and Bayesian analyses. Putative hybrids had considerable morphological overlap with parental species but were mostly genetically intermediate. Five of 79 individuals assigned to C. candidum and 15 of 71 individuals assigned to C. parviflorum had genetic profiles consistent with mixed ancestry. These results suggest that some introgression has occurred, but genetic assimilation of endangered C. candidum by the more common C. parviflorum does not seem imminent. The high local abundance of C. candidum may reduce its susceptibility to gene flow from C. parviflorum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".