EFFECTS OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC FACTORS ON SURVIVAL OF WHITE-WINGED SCOTER (MELANITTA FUSCA DEGLANDI) DUCKLINGS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In waterfowl, offspring survival and the effects of extrinsic (i.e. weather, hatching date) and intrinsic (i.e. physical and nutritional traits of individual females and ducklings, brood sizes) factors on it are poorly understood. In 2000 and 2001, we estimated duckling and brood survival of White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca deglandi) at Redberry Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada, to 30 days of age to examine relationships between duckling survival and (1) hatch date, (2) initial brood size at hatch, (3) duckling size and body condition at hatch, (4) offspring sex, (5) maternal female size and body condition at hatch, and (6) weather. We estimated survival with Cormack-Jolly-Seber models, in program MARK, from observations of individually marked adult females (n = 94) and ducklings (n = 664). Most mortality (i.e. 0.80 and 0.95 for each year, respectively) occurred within six days of hatch in both years. Duckling survival probability decreased with advancing hatch date; increased with larger initial brood sizes; was higher for larger, better-conditioned ducklings; and increased with favorable weather. Brood survival decreased with advancing hatch date, increased with larger initial brood sizes, and increased with favorable weather. For 2000 and 2001, our models predict survival probabilities of ducklings (0.0061 and 0.0027, respectively) and broods (0.015 and 0.00048, respectively) that are lower than any previously reported. We suspect that intense gull (Larus spp.) predation shortly after hatch had the largest influence on duckling survival, though results also underscore the significance of intrinsic factors. Effets des Facteurs Intrinsèques et Extrinsèques sur la Survie les Jeunes de Melanitta fusca deglandi
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".