Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes properties of lightweight concrete obtained by incorporating volcanic-materials-based blended cements and pumice aggregates. Blended cements are produced by replacing ASTM Type I Portland cement with 20% volcanic ash and finely ground pumice. Properties of fresh lightweight concrete mixtures (such as slump and air content) along with their mechanical properties (such as density, compressive/tensile strength and modulus of elasticity) are described. The durability and microstructural characteristics are investigated by drying shrinkage, water permeability, mercury intrusion porosimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and microhardness tests. The investigation suggests that volcanic-materials-based blended cements in combination with pumice aggregates can be used for the production of lightweight concrete for structural applications, having satisfactory strength and durability characteristics. The use of volcanic ash/pumice-based blended cements induces the beneficial effect of reducing drying shrinkage and water permeability as well as refinement of pore structures and better interfacial transition zone. Development and use of such inexpensive and environmentally friendly lightweight concretes can be extremely helpful for the sustainable development and rehabilitation of volcanic disaster areas around the world.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".