EXPERIMENTS ON AIR-BLAST ATOMIZATION OF VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS, PART 1: QUIESCENT CONDITIONS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Motivated by the need to improve spray coating, an experimental investigation into viscoelastic atomization using preformulated model test liquids is presented. These test liquids had similar values of surface tension, density, and rate-independent shear viscosity, but varying extensional viscosity. Through the use of these test liquids, the effects of elasticity were systematically isolated and found to act against the breakup of a spray issuing from a plain-jet air-blast atomizer. Flash photography revealed large-scale filamentary structures at breakup, which delayed discrete droplet formation until farther downstream, where relative air-liquid velocities were reduced. The lower relative velocities near breakup produced an increase in the volumetric median diameter, as was confirmed by analysis of high-magnification shadowgraphs. The hindering influence of elasticity on atomization was further substantiated through particle image velocimetry measurements, which indicated that the elastic droplets, owing to their greater inertia, were better able to maintain their initial momentum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".