Bibliographic record
Abstract
To have civilization, it is necessary that a people should be numerous and closely placed; that they should be fixed in their habitations, and safe from violent external and internal disturbance; that a considerable number of them should be exempt from the necessity of drudging for immediate subsistence. Feeling themselves at ease about the first necessities of their nature, including self-preservation, and daily subjected to that intellectual excitement which society produces, men begin to manifest what is called civilization; but never in rude and shelterless circumstances, or when widely scattered. – Robert Chambers, Vestiges of the Natural History of CreationThe philosophy of six thousand years has not searched the chambers and magazines of the soul. – Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Over-Soul”[…] the speech of Mr. Hobbs could not fail to impress upon their minds the fact that it was more difficult to engineer men than to engineer matter. – from a discussion of John Anderson’s paper “On the Application of Machinery in the War Department,” Journal of the Society of Arts, 28 January, 1857 ***One of the most pressing difficulties with which I must contend in the process of shaping the following argument about what I am calling the “Machinery of Individualism” – and its deployment of an imperative that bears upon the practices of both history and science – is that of a tendency toward idealization. That is, it is easy to generalize, to portray in heroic terms, those “renegade” factions or unruly groupings that have resisted metabolization by a dominant order. Indeed, this very structure is replicated in the authorized version of early American history, in which the first colonists set out for the New World in order to escape the tyrannies of the Old.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.055 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.014 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".