Ball-Milled (Cu-Ni-Fe + Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Composite as Inert Anode for Aluminum Electrolysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A (Cu-Ni-Fe + Fe2O3) composite was prepared by ball milling and evaluated as an oxygen-evolving anode for aluminum electrolysis. The material was prepared by first milling elemental Cu, Ni and Fe powders to form a Cu(Ni,Fe) solid solution. Then, the milling operation was resumed for different periods of time (from 30 min to 4 h) in presence of a fixed amount of nanosized Fe2O3 particles to achieve the desired stoichiometry (Cu65Ni20Fe15)98.6O1.4. After 4 h of milling, Fe2O3 precipitates are found to be homogeneously dispersed in the Cu-Ni-Fe matrix. The powder was then heated at 1000°C and pressed to form an electrode for evaluation in low-temperature (700°C) KF-AlF3 electrolyte at an anode current density of 0.5 A cm−2 for 20 h. The cell voltage was stable at ca. 4.5 V and the Cu, Fe and Ni contamination of the produced Al and electrolyte were quite low, resulting in an estimated anode erosion rate of 1.2 cm year−1. This good corrosion resistance is attributed to the formation of a protective NiFe2O4-rich layer on the electrode during Al electrolysis, which is likely to be favored by the presence of the finely dispersed Fe2O3 precipitates acting as nucleation sites for the formation of NiFe2O4.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".