Ball-Milled (Cu-Ni-Fe + Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Composite as Inert Anode for Aluminum Electrolysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A (Cu-Ni-Fe + Fe 2 O 3 ) composite was prepared by ball milling and evaluated as an oxygen-evolving anode for aluminum electrolysis. The material was prepared by first milling elemental Cu, Ni and Fe powders to form a Cu(Ni,Fe) solid solution. Then, the milling operation was resumed for different periods of time (from 30 min to 4 h) in presence of a fixed amount of nanosized Fe 2 O 3 particles to achieve the desired stoichiometry (Cu 65 Ni 20 Fe 15 ) 98.6 O 1.4 . After 4 h of milling, Fe 2 O 3 precipitates are found to be homogeneously dispersed in the Cu-Ni-Fe matrix. The powder was then heated at 1000°C and pressed to form an electrode for evaluation in low-temperature (700°C) KF-AlF 3 electrolyte at an anode current density of 0.5 A cm −2 for 20 h. The cell voltage was stable at ca. 4.5 V and the Cu, Fe and Ni contamination of the produced Al and electrolyte were quite low, resulting in an estimated anode erosion rate of 1.2 cm year −1 . This good corrosion resistance is attributed to the formation of a protective NiFe 2 O 4 -rich layer on the electrode during Al electrolysis, which is likely to be favored by the presence of the finely dispersed Fe 2 O 3 precipitates acting as nucleation sites for the formation of NiFe 2 O 4 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".