Injection-Site Pain in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: Interferon Beta-1b Versus Interferon Beta-1a
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A single-center, open-label, comparative pilot study was undertaken to assess injection-site pain associated with 10 consecutive subcutaneous injections of interferon beta-1b 250 μg every other day or interferon beta-1a 44 μg three times weekly in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Injection-site pain was assessed by the patients with a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) score. Recordings were made before each injection and at 10 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours postinjection. Ten patients were enrolled in each treatment group. The proportion of injections associated with no pain or no increase in pain at 1 hour postinjection was higher with interferon beta-1b (47%) than with interferon beta-1a (27%). Mean pain severity was also less intense with interferon beta-1b than with interferon beta-1a. Differences in VAS scores were seen immediately after injection (1.04 versus 3.14 cm, respectively) and at 10 minutes (0.40 versus 1.70 cm) and 1 hour (0.33 versus 1.50 cm) postinjection. These findings indicate that subcutaneous injection with interferon beta-1b is associated with a lower incidence and severity of pain than subcutaneous injection with interferon beta-1a in patients with MS. The results should assist MS nurses and physicians in supporting patients to make an informed choice regarding potential side effects when deciding on an appropriate disease-modifying therapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".