Ecumenical Internationalism: Willoughby Dickinson, the League of Nations and the World Alliance for Promoting International Friendship through the Churches
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the eventual collapse of the international system, the interwar years also gave rise to lasting developments in international co-operation. Such co-operation was largely taken up not by nation-states, but by representatives of international civil society. Two of their foremost causes were the League of Nations and the nascent Christian ecumenical movement. One of the most active proponents of internationalism in the 1920s was the British liberal Willoughby Dickinson, the leading parliamentary proponent for female suffrage. After the war, Dickinson turned to international politics, advocating a form of ecumenical internationalism that combined his religious and liberal beliefs. This article outlines Dickinson’s background in British progressive politics. It then examines how he came to develop his ideas of ‘international friendship’ and ‘ecumenical internationalism’ through his leadership roles in the World Alliance for Promoting International Friendship through the Churches and the International Federation of League of Nations Societies. It concludes by examining his support for the newly emergent question of minority rights in the interwar years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".