Wakes and vortex streets generated by translating force and force doublet: laboratory experiments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wakes and vortex streets such as those occurring behind towed or self-propelled bodies are generated by moving localized forces in a viscous fluid at moderate values of the Reynolds number, $\hbox{\it Re}\,{\sim}\,10^{2}$ . The forcing is provided by an electromagnetic method and allows us to create a ‘virtual’ body without introducing any solid objects into the fluid. Characteristics of stable and unstable wakes, in particular the shedding frequency, are measured in the space of control parameters, namely the magnitude of the forcing and the speed of translational motion of the forcing. The results for a single force presented in the dimensionless form of the Strouhal number demonstrate quantitative similarity to those for the classical flow around a cylinder. The problem considered here has an extra degree of freedom compared to the problem of the flow around a cylinder and exhibit a wider array of different regimes. These regimes are documented in both our visualization experiments and particle image velocimetry measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".