Sapovirus in Water, Japan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sapoviruses are etiologic agents of human gastroenteritis.We detected sapovirus in untreated wastewater, treated wastewater, and a river in Japan.A total of 7 of 69 water samples were positive by reverse transcription-PCR.Phylogenetic analysis of the viral capsid gene grouped these strains into 4 genetic clusters.T he family Caliciviridae contains 4 genera, Sapovirus, Norovirus, Lagovirus, and Vesivirus, which include sapovirus (SaV), norovirus (NoV), rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, and feline calicivirus strains, respectively.SaV and NoV are agents of human gastroenteritis.The most widely used method of detection is reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), which has a high sensitivity and can also be used for genetic analysis.Only a limited number of SaV studies have been conducted, although most studies have shown that SaV infections are more frequent in young children than in adults and that nearly all children are infected by 5 years of age.NoVs have been detected in oysters (and other shellfish), water from drinking fountains, ice, and community drinking water (1-4).Environmental studies of SaV have not been conducted.SaV strains can be divided into 5 genogroups (GI-GV), among which GI, GII, GIV, and GV infect humans; GIII infects porcine species.Phylogenetic studies have also designated SaV clusters or genotypes to further describe strains that differ by ≈10% in nucleotide or amino acid sequences.The purpose of this study was to identify and describe SaV strains in environmental samples, namely, untreated wastewater, treated wastewater, a river, and seawater, in Japan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".