Direct Quantification of Dynamic Effects in Capillary Pressure for Drainage–Wetting Cycles
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The constitutive relationship between capillary pressure ( P c ) and wetting fluid saturation ( S w ), or retention curve, is needed to model multiphase flow in porous media. This relationship is usually measured under static conditions; however, transient flow is governed by a dynamic relationship between the P c and S w Differences in P c measured under static and dynamic conditions are due to dynamic effects typically defined as a product of a dynamic coefficient (τ) and the rate of change in S w To date, relatively few experimental studies have been conducted to directly quantify the magnitude of this effect. In this study, the magnitude of τ was quantified by measuring both static and dynamic retention curves in repeated drainage and wetting experiments using a field sand. The 95% confidence intervals for the static retention curves showed that the dynamic retention curves were statistically different. The measured τ for primary drainage generally increased with decreasing S w The measured τ values were also compared with those estimated using a different approach based on redistribution time. The measured and estimated τ were in close agreement when the redistribution times were 146 s for the wetting cycle and 509 s for primary and main drainage cycles. The shape of the τ– S w relationship was largely controlled by the slope of the static retention curve. Numerical modeling demonstrated that a log‐linear model relating τ and S w yielded the best match to experimental outflow results.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it