Bibliographic record
Abstract
The 1952 provincial election was one of the most interesting and important in the history of British Columbia. A marginal organization, Social Credit, stunned pundits by defeating the established parties to form a minority government. W.A.C. Bennett, who became leader of the party shortly after the election, built on this victory to rule the province until 1972. Commentators have listed several factors to explain this complicated election, typically concluding that the freakish rise of Social Credit was merely a protest against political misrule. This article, drawing on the theoretical literature on North American populism, looks beyond Vancouver and Victoria, and beyond a narrow focus on politicians and parties, to consider the political economy at mid-century. It argues that Social Credit victories in the Fraser Valley and the Interior, where the party was most successful, represented a populist revolt in a time of rapid economic change. L'election provinciale de 1952 a ete l'une des plus interessantes et des plus importantes de l'histoire de la Colombie-Britannique. Organisation marginale, le Credit Social defia toutes les predictions en defaisant les partis en place pour former un gouvernement minoritaire. W.A.C. Bennett, qui devint chef du parti peu apres l'election, tira profit de cette victoire pour gouverner la province jusqu'en 1972. Des commentateurs ont enumere divers facteurs a l'origine de cette election complexe, concluant dans l'ensemble que l'extraordinaire ascension du Credit Social signalait simplement une protestation envers une mauvaise administration du gouvernement. Cet article, qui s'appuie sur la documentation theorique du populisme nord-americain, envisage un contexte qui depasse Vancouver et Victoria, ainsi que la vision etroite des politiciens et des partis, pour examiner l'economie politique au milieu du siecle. Il soutient que les victoires du Credit Social dans la vallee du Fraser et dans l'interieur de la province, ou le parti avait le plus de succes, representaient une revolte populaire durant une periode de brusques changements economiques.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.027 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".