NUTRIENT SUPPLY TO SOIL AND SURFACE WATER FROM DEPOSITION OF WIND-ERODIBLE-SIZED SOIL AGGREGATES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In regions subject to strong winds, considerable amounts of soil are transported off land and deposited to nearby fields and surface water. This study investigated the nutrient supply from deposition of erodible-sized soil to surrounding soil and surface water in a controlled laboratory setting. Wind-erodible fraction (WEF) aggregates were collected from a field with no manure or fertilizer application (Treatment WEF0) and a field that had received 180 Mg ha−1 year−1 of cattle manure (WEF180) for 30 years. The WEF aggregates were applied to a loamy sand soil and to distilled water at rates equivalent to 0, 10, 50, 100, and 150 Mg ha−1 and incubated for 2 years. Deposition of carbon and nutrient-enriched WEF aggregates increased the receiving soil's total carbon, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations. The initially soil available N increased with WEF deposition rate, up to almost four times of the original value and by an additional 5 to 7 times after 2 years of incubation. Soil test P also increased with WEF deposition rates immediately after WEF application, but decreased over time as P immobilized to a less available form. After WEF was deposited to water, the initially soluble N and P increased up to 94 and 32 times, respectively, and did not reach a plateau in 2 years. Thus, the impact of WEF deposition on soil and water is long lasting and should be considered when developing farm management strategies or assessing environmental impacts of agricultural practices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".