Effect of anesthetics on reflex micturition in the chronic cannula-implanted rat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is well known that urethane is a suitable anesthetic for acute studies and has been extensively recommended for investigations related to micturition physiology. This is mainly because of the capability of urethane anesthesia to spare reflex micturition as well as its easily established long-lasting and stable anesthetic level. However, urethane anesthesia is usually restricted to acute experiments due to its potential toxicity. This study searched for an alternative to urethane that would be suitable for studies in which recovery from anesthesia was needed. The list of administered drugs was as follows: pentobarbital, thiobutabarbital, ketamine-acepromazine, ketamine-diazepam, tiletamine-zolazepam, fentanyl-droperidol, alphaxalone-alphadolone, propofol, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, azaperone, tribromoethanol, and buprenorphine. Among these drugs, only tiletamine-zolazepam spared the reflex micturition contractions. However, the duration of this anesthesia was too short (approximately 30 minutes) to complete the necessary testing and additional dosing of the anesthetic generally obliterated the micturition reflex. On the other hand, rats given i.v. urethane infusion (10% solution in 0.9% saline, 3.2-4.0 mg/kg/min, total dose 0.56-1.03 g/kg) maintained a stable anesthesia that permitted both reflex micturition and stereotaxic procedures. Rats moved spontaneously 3-16 hours after cessation of i.v. urethane anesthesia and completely recovered in 2 days without significant after-effects. Bladder function was normal. No pathological changes were seen 1 week later. The present results suggest that urethane is the most suitable anesthetic for acute and chronic physiological experiments that require demonstration of reflex micturition. Neurourol. Urodynam. 19:87-99, 2000.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".