Alkaline Degradation of the Organophosphorus Pesticide Fenitrothion as Mediated by Cationic C<sub>12</sub>, C<sub>14</sub>, C<sub>16</sub>, and C<sub>18</sub> Surfactants
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of varying surfactant chain length (C12, C14, C16, C18) on the alkaline hydrolysis of the organophosphorus pesticide fenitrothion was determined for the following series of inert counterion cationic surfactants: dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTABr), tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTABr), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), and octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTABr). Plots of kobs versus [surfactant] at constant [KOH] showed saturation behavior at low total [Br-], and (constrained) S-shaped curvature was observed at high total [Br-]. kobs values increased with increasing surfactant chain length but decreased with added KBr. For systems exhibiting saturation behavior, further analysis of the results using the PPIE treatment as modified to account for HO-/Br- exchange allowed the evaluation of substrate binding constants, KS, and micellar rate constants, k2m. The binding constants increased with chain length (hydrophobicity), but ionic strength had no effect on KS. Meanwhile, because of the increased KS values as the surfactant chain length increased, the rate enhancements observed for fenitrothion degradation correspondingly increased. However, rate enhancements decreased with ionic strength because reactive counterions could not compete against the bromide anion for micellar binding sites. Low k2m/k2w ratios revealed that the observed rate enhancements were due to the so-called concentration effect rather than true catalysis. Finally, where the PPIE model failed (displaying S-shaped curvature), our results support the intervention of sphere-to-rod transitions that are favored at high ionic strength (>0.01 M Br-) and lower temperatures as the cause of the S-shaped curvature.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it