Physical processes and hypoxia in the central basin of Lake Erie
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The circulation and exchange processes during summer stratification were examined using time‐series data of horizontal velocity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen profiles during 2004 and 2005 in the mid‐central basin of Lake Erie. The current and temperature spectra showed a prominent peak at around 18 h, indicating the presence of clockwise rotating inertial waves. The mean bottom currents were strong (>0.1 m s‐1) and flowed in opposite direction to winds because of the surface pressure gradient due to wind set‐up. The general range of horizontal exchange coefficients in the central basin is 0.2‐1.2 m2 s‐1. Vertical exchange coefficients varied from 1 × 10‐5 to 1 × 10‐4 m2 s‐1. The high values usually occurred in the surface layer because of surface winds. The source of turbulent energy is current shear due to near‐inertial oscillations in and above the thermocline and shearing stress due to the effect of mean currents and wave‐induced motions during energetic wind events at the lake bottom. During strong wind episodes significant wave‐induced currents were observed close to the bottom. The short‐term oxygen depletion rates varied considerably between +0.87 mg L‐1 d‐1 and ‐1.16 mg L‐1 d‐1 in 2004 mainly because of physical processes in the central basin. When the hypolimnion depth is sufficiently thick (4 m), shortterm changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations were partly due to vertical mixing and partly due to horizontal transport and mixing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".