Effect of the Oral Contraceptive Pill on Ligamentous Laxity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Women are 4 to 8 times more likely to sustain a serious knee injury than their male counterparts. Previous studies have found that female sex steroids affect ligamentous tissue properties. The hypothesis is that there exists a difference in ligamentous laxity between oral contraceptive pill (OCP) users and nonusers. DESIGN: Blinded, single-factor, posttest-only control group design. SETTING: McGill University Sport Medicine Clinic, Montreal, Que-bec, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty-seven female McGill University varsity athletes. INTERVENTIONS: Participants filled out a screening questionnaire and underwent KT-1000 measurements by 1 blinded examiner. Exclusion criteria related to underlying knee pathology, and hormonal factors were identified with the questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Independent sample, 2-tailed t tests were performed on the nondominant knee data of the OCP users and nonusers. RESULTS: Mean anterior translations at 67 N were 3.00 +/- 1.04 mm for the OCP users and 3.86 +/- 1.72 mm for the nonusers (P = 0.011); at 89 N, 3.98 +/- 1.13 mm vs. 4.83 +/- 1.82 mm, respectively (P = 0.018). Mean anterior translations at 67 N were 2.95 +/- 0.93 mm for the non-menstruating OCP users and 3.86 +/- 1.72 mm for the nonusers (P = 0.008); at 89 N, 3.88 +/- 1.06 mm vs. 4.83 +/- 1.82 mm, respectively (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Oral contraceptive pill use yielded statistically significant decreases in anterior translation of the tibia as compared with nonusers. The OCP may have a role to play in the prevention of ACL injuries by prophylactically targeting 1 of the variables responsible for the increased ACL injury rates in women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".