Disproportionate Body Lengths Correlate With Idiopathic-Type Curvature in the Curveback Guppy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: A comparative allometric study of body lengths in an animal model for human idiopathic-type scoliosis. OBJECTIVE: To compare body length variation among adult curved and noncurved curveback female guppies. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Tallness and/or abnormal anthropometric parameters have been correlated to idiopathic-type scoliosis (IS) in numerous studies. Heritable curvature in curveback has demonstrated morphologic and developmental similarities to human IS. Because control of body length in the guppy is heritable and variable, we investigated whether length might also be correlated to curvature in the curveback population. METHODS: Component body lengths were measured from digital photographs for 321 (246 curved and 75 noncurved) females. Sources of experimental variation were omitted by only measuring 2-dimensional curves in mature females all from the same pedigree, and raised under controlled conditions of diet and environment. Body length was divided into 2 component parts (precaudal and caudal). Body lengths were tested statistically for correlation to curvature and curve magnitude. RESULTS: Although absolute length does not correlate to curvature, this survey of length in the curveback model reveals 2 important similarities to anthropometric studies of IS: that there are disproportionate body lengths among females with curvature, and the suggestion of an underlying growth abnormality among curved individuals. CONCLUSION: In order to better characterize the relationship between growth, length disproportion, and curvature in the guppy, further studies are warranted. However, this inquiry further supports the usefulness of curveback as a model for understanding the basic biology of idiopathic-type scoliosis and encourages study of growth-related factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".