Analysis of Heavy Oil Emulsion-Carbon Dioxide System on Oil-Swelling Factor and Interfacial Tension by Using Pendant Drop Method for Enhanced Oil Recovery and Carbon Dioxide Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Heavy oil becomes more interest owing to oil prices and the huge amount of reserves. Steam injection is a common method for heavy-oil production with emulsion formation. Also carbon dioxide injection is applied for viscosity and interfacial tension reduction. CO2 becomes more important because of environmental concerns. CO2 storage in reservoirs like depleted oil wells becomes widespread. Hence, understanding the behavior of CO2 when it encounters emulsive heavy-oil is critical. In this work, the interfacial tension and oil-swelling factors of CO2 in oil and its emulsions are measured at 296 K and pressure from 0.5 to 1.5 MPa with water/oil ratio from 0.00 to 12.27 percent compared to original oil. The results show that the interfacial tension decreases at higher pressure ranging from 3.7 to 16.8 percent and water content from 10.3 to 22.6 percent. Furthermore, oil-swelling factors increase with pressure and water content up to 1.9 percent and 8.0 percent, respectively. These results are explained by absorption processes in that high pressure can serve as high driving force for CO2 solubility.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".