An efficient first order sigma delta modulator design
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An efficient first order sigma delta modulator has been designed in circuit level, considering the possible non-idealities in 65 nm CMOS technology. This study at first determines the non-idealities of sigma delta modulator. The non-idealities investigated here are clock jitter noise that effects the input signal and increases total error power; then the thermal noise of switches caused by the random fluctuation of carrier that increases the total noise power. Thereafter, circuit leakage causes the limited DC gain and affects signal to noise ratio. Moreover, limited slew rate and gain bandwidth of op-amp, which are both regarded as non-linear gain, reduce signal to noise sum distortion ratio. Based on optimum circuit simulation, the non-idealities are reduced by using folded cascode op-amp at integrator stage with DC gain of 65 dB, slew rate of 3.76 V/μs, and gain bandwidth with 40 MHz. Finally, a first order sigma delta modulator with 8 bit resolution, 64 oversampling ratio as well as power supply of ±2.5 V is successfully designed using PSPICE simulation tool, which can be implemented for practical usage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".