Two New Types of Ultrafast Aircraft Thermometer
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new version of an ultrafast aircraft resistance thermometer (UFT-F) with a time constant of the order 10−4 s,for use in both cloudy and cloudless air, is described. It evolved from an earlier version (UFT-S). Its sensing element is similar to that in UFT-S and consists of a 5-mm-long and 2.5-μm-thick platinum-coated tungsten wire, located on a rotatable vane behind a thin vertical rod that protects the sensor against direct impact of cloud droplets and other objects. Such construction introduces much smaller thermal disturbances than do more massive housings of other types of immersion thermometers and permits taking full advantage of low thermal inertia of the sensing wire. However, aerodynamic disturbances created by vortex shedding from the protective rod induce adiabatic fluctuations of temperature, which appear on the temperature records as “noise.” In the case of the UFT-S the level of this noise has become intolerable at airspeeds of about 40 m s−1, limiting applicability of this instrument to slow aircraft or gliders. For UFT-F the shape of the protective rod has been redesigned and endowed with a special system of reducing aerodynamic disturbances behind it, which made it usable at airspeeds up to 100 m s−1 in cloudless air or warm clouds. For use in supercooled clouds, a special variety of UFT-F (denoted here UFT-D) has been designed. As in its predecessor, its sensing element is a 5-mm-long, 2.5-μm-thick, platinum-coated tungsten resistive wire protected against impact of cloud droplets by an airfoil-shaped rod, but all its icing-sensitive parts are electrically heated to prevent buildup of ice. This modification required a total change of mechanical structure of the instrument. Tests during the Third Canadian Freezing Drizzle Experiment showed that UFT-D can perform fairly well in water clouds supercooled down to at least −8°C and that its heating system introduces no intolerable disturbances into the record. Use of UFT-D in ice or mixed clouds is limited by the fact that the protective rod is not effective enough against ice crystals bigger than about 200 μm, which can quickly destroy the delicate sensing element. The paper gives details of construction as well as results of wind tunnel and in-flight tests of these instruments.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it