Experimental Validation and Simulation of Fourier and Non-Fourier Heat Transfer Equation during Laser Nano-Phototherapy of Lung Cancer Cells: An <i>in Vitro</i> Assay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigated the numerical scheme extended to solve the hyperbolic non-Fourier form of bioheat transfer equation and the experimental trials were conducted to validate the numerical simulation.MNPs were prepared via co-precipitation and modified with a silica layer.The amino modified Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 nanoshells were covered with gold colloids producing nanoshells of Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /Au (MNSs).In vitro assays were performed to determine the effect of apoptosis of QU-DB lung cancer cells based on the cells morphology changes.Cell damage was reduced by decreasing the power density of laser.Also, a larger area of damage on cell culture plates was observed at longer intervals of laser irradiation.The effect of nanoshell concentration and irradiation rate has been evaluated.A maximum temperature rise of 6˚C was achieved at 184 W/cm 2 and concentration of 0.01 mg/ml.The experiment confirmed a hyperbolic behaviour of thermal propagation.The results revealed that the three-dimensional implementation of bioheat equation is likely to be more accurate than the two-dimensional study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".