A study of a buoyant axisymmetric jet in a small co-flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper deals with measurements of and an integral model for a buoyant axisymmetric jet in a very small co-flow. The integral model is based on the insights gained from the measurements presented here and other recent experiments, which suggest that the turbulent flow is simply advected and the entrainment is that normal for a jet or plume in a still ambient fluid. General equations for the turbulent flow trajectories are also developed. The predictions of the theory are verilied for the no cross-flow case and the cases where the jet or plume is ejected vertically or horizontally into a very small cross-flow. The results of experiments in which a buoyant jet is released in the same direction as the horizontal ambient flow, show that outside the turbulent region the entrainment velocities can be represented with uniform flow and the appropriate sink. Direct measurement of the strength of the sink allows the transition from weakly- to strongly-advected behaviour to be determined. The departure of the trajectory measurements from the theory also provides information about the transition. The transition location is then compared with recent measurements in which the jets and plumes are ejected vertically into a very small cross-flow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".