Effects of Relative Low-Frequency Bilateral Globus Pallidus Internus Stimulation for Treatment of Cervical Dystonia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of relative lower amplitude and frequency for globus pallidus internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) of cervical dystonia (CD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 2005 and October 2008, 14 patients diagnosed with CD underwent bilateral GPi DBS and all the patients received low-frequency stimulation and were followed for more than 2 years. We activated the implantable pulse generator 3-4 days postoperatively and initial amplitude, pulse width, and frequency were set at 1.5 V, 120 μs, and 70 Hz. The Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticolis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) was applied preoperatively and at 1, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The overall TWSTRS scores improved 71.2% 2 years postoperatively (p = 0.001). The mean improvement was 78.4% in severity subscores, 68.4% in disability, and 66.8% in pain scores for the 2-year follow-up period. The TWSTRS scores were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), suggesting that the most significant improvement of the TWSTRS scores occurred within 1 month. The final amplitude was 2.9/2.7 V with the pulse width of 147.9/147.9 μs and the frequency of 101.1/100 Hz. CONCLUSION: According to our results, the initial settings of low amplitude and especially relatively low frequency are safe and effective for treatment of CD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".