Alteration of Protein Structure Induced by Low-Energy (<18 eV) Electrons. I. The Peptide and Disulfide Bridges
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present measurements of low-energy (<18 eV) electron-stimulated desorption of anions from acetamide (CH(3)CONH(2)) and dimethyl disulfide [DMDS: (CH(3)S)(2)] films. Electron irradiation of physisorbed CH(3)CONH(2) produces H(-), CH(3)(-) and O(-) anions, whereas the H(-), CH(2)(-), CH(3)(-), S(-), SH(-) and SCH(3)(-) anions are observed to desorb from the DMDS film. Below 12 eV, the dependence of the anion yields on the incident electron energy exhibits structures that indicate that a resonant process (i.e. dissociative electron attachment) is responsible for molecular fragmentation. Within the range of 1-18 eV, it is found that (1.7 and 1.4) x 10(7) H(-) ions/incident electron and (7.8 x 10(-11) and 4.3 x 10(-8)) of the other ions/incident electron are desorbed from acetamide and DMDS films, respectively. These results suggest that, within proteins, the disulfide bond is more sensitive to low-energy electron attack than the peptide bond. In biological cells, some proteins interact closely with nucleic acid. Therefore, the observed fragments, when produced from secondary low-energy electrons generated by high-energy radiation, not only may denature proteins, but may also induce reactions with the nearby nucleic acid and damage DNA.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it