Gas Phase Stabilization of Noncovalent Protein Complexes Formed by Electrospray Ionization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of gas phase additives to stabilize noncovalent protein complexes in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ES-MS) is demonstrated for two protein-ligand interactions, an enzyme-small molecule inhibitor complex, and a protein-disaccharide complex. It is shown that the introduction of gas phase imidazole into the ES ion source effectively protects gas phase protein-ligand complexes against in-source dissociation. The stabilizing effect of imidazole vapor is comparable to that observed upon addition of imidazole to the ES solution. The introduction of sulfur hexafluoride, at high partial pressure, into the source region also effectively suppresses in-source dissociation of protein complexes. It is proposed that evaporative cooling is the primary mechanism responsible for the stabilizing effects observed for the gas phase additives.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".