4D-3C geomechanical study of in-situ bitumen recovery in NW Canada using Toe-to-Heel Air Injection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent observations of shear-wave splitting in the near surface have been interpreted as a consequence of the stress state rather than the presence of fractures. The analysis of such shallow anisotropy measurements from shear-wave splitting on converted-wave data allows us to evaluate caprock integrity and detect areas where the stress in the caprock may deviate from the regional faulting regime. This information is vital in discerning whether the caprock is able to withstand recovery of shallow in-situ bitumen and heavy oil. Moreover, using time-lapse multi-component data, we can use the changes in splitting azimuth and time delay to monitor overburden and reservoir changes occurring during production. Here we show that converted-wave splitting changes, observed at the Conklin Demonstration Project between 2008 and 2009, can be directly correlated to changes occurring in the overburden. Additionally, we show that the stress state of the overburden, and in particular the transition from one stress regime to another with depth, is considerably more complex than has generally been assumed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".