Phylogeny and intercontinental distribution of the pneumocandin-producing anamorphic fungus <i>Glarea lozoyensis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glarea lozoyensis is an anamorphic ascomycete that produces pneumocandin B0, the starting molecule for the synthesis of the antifungal drug caspofungin (CANCIDAS™). Glarea lozoyensis was first isolated in 1985 from a water sample from Madrid, Spain. Until now, only the original strain was known, but we have discovered new strains from Argentina and the USA. Molecular phylogenetic reference to a 28S rDNA database of antibiotic-producing fungi quickly identified these strains as being conspecific with G. lozoyensis. Bayesian inference phylogeny of ITS, 28S rDNA and α-actin gene fragments revealed that G. lozoyensis is related to species of the genus Cyathicula (Helotiales). Glarea lozoyensis was not conspecific with any of the Cyathicula species sequenced, although it appears to share a common ancestor. Glarea lozoyensis and Cyathicula strains were fermented on nutritional microarrays in 96-well plates. Cyathicula extracts did not show antifungal activity and did not produce pneumocandins, whereas potent antifungal activity and pneumocandin A0 production were confirmed for the four G. lozoyensis isolates. Also, culture morphology differed, with G. lozoyensis strains producing a dark brown, profusely sporulating mycelium with pigmented multicellular conidia accumulating in conidial masses, while all Cyathicula species tested in culture formed hyaline to light brown mycelia and lacked conidia. The chemistry and taxonomic distribution of the echinocandin class of antifungals is comprehensively reviewed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".