An Unconfined Swelling Test for Clayey Soils That Incorporates Digital Image Correlation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A new laboratory test apparatus and methodology have been developed for characterizing the swelling potential of expansive soil under free stress conditions. Soil specimens are given access to water under true free swell conditions, and the maximum swelling potential is determined experimentally. Real-time deformation measurements and interpretation are obtained through digital image correlation using GeoPIV. The capabilities of the new test are illustrated using a remolded natural swelling soil. Both primary and secondary swelling behavior were observed during testing. The effect of the aspect ratio was assessed, and it was found that smaller specimens achieved equivalent swelling strains with significantly shorter test durations. The non-contact deformation results agree with the end-of-test hand measurements. The non-contact method also provides additional valuable information regarding the time-dependent swell behavior and evaluation of the end-of-test criterion. The results are interpreted using the Swell Equilibrium Limit, which is a unifying framework for the analysis and prediction of swelling soil deformations under defined initial and boundary conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".