2D XANES–XEOL Spectroscopy Studies of Morphology-Dependent Phase Transformation and Corresponding Luminescence from Hierarchical TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanostructures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hierarchical TiO 2 nanostructures with the nanograss at the top and the close-ended nanotube at the bottom were synthesized by an extended electrochemical anodization process. Upon thermal annealing, the hierarchical TiO 2 nanostructures exhibit a morphology-dependent phase transformation behavior: the amorphous as-prepared nanotube layer undergoes an amorphous-anatase-rutile phase transformation upon annealing at 550 °C and 850 °C, respectively; the nanograss, on the other hand, remains in the anatase phase with an annealing temperature up to 850 °C and becomes anatase-dominant anatase–rutile-multiphase at 900 °C. In addition, the nanotube and nanograss exhibit intriguing light-emitting properties. A two-dimensional X-ray absorption near-edge structure – X-ray excited optical luminescence (2D XANES–XEOL) spectroscopy technique is used to investigate such phenomenon, which correlates the origin of the luminescence with the local chemical entrainment of the nanostructured TiO 2 . Implications of these observations are thoroughly discussed. These properties are desirable for the engineering of novel TiO 2 nanoheterostructures for photocatalysis as well as optical and photonic devices, especially the fabrication of a stable high temperature anatase phase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".