Frequency-dependent streaming potential of Ottawa sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
[1] The scientific literature is almost devoid of frequency-dependent electrokinetic measurements on geological materials. An apparatus that allows the measurement of the streaming potential coupling coefficient of unconsolidated and disaggregated materials such as sands, gravels, and soils has been designed, constructed, and tested. The apparatus, which uses an electromagnetic drive, operates in the range 1 Hz to 1 kHz and has a 25.4 mm diameter sample chamber for samples up to 150 mm long. We have made streaming potential coupling coefficient measurements on samples of Ottawa sand as a function of frequency. The results have been analyzed using critically and variably damped second-order vibrational mechanics models as well as the theoretical models of Packard for capillary tubes and Pride for porous media. The best fit was provided by an underdamped second-order model with a damping factor of 0.8561 (R2 = 0.993). Transition frequencies were derived from the two vibrational models and the Pride model either by fitting the model to the data or directly from the model, giving 230, 273, and 256.58 Hz, respectively. These values are in good agreement with the transition frequency expected for a sand with an independently obtained effective pore radius of 6.76 × 10−5 m from laser diffraction grain size measurements. The Packard model also agrees extremely well with the experimental data (R2 = 0.987) directly providing a value of the equivalent capillary radius of 6.75 × 10−5 m that coincides within experimental errors with the independently obtained effective pore radius measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".