Vertical velocity structure of nonprecipitating continental boundary layer stratocumulus clouds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Continental boundary layer (BL) stratocumulus clouds affect the local weather by modulating the surface energy and moisture budgets and are also intimately tied to the diurnal cycle of the turbulence in the BL. Vertical velocity structure of these clouds is studied using data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Southern Great Plains observing facility located near Lamont, Oklahoma. Data from vertically pointing cloud radar from eleven cases of nonprecipitating BL stratocumulus clouds are used to obtain half‐hourly values of in‐cloud vertical velocity variance, skewness, updraft fraction, downdraft fraction, and mass flux. The variance showed a general decrease with height, while the skewness was weakly positive in the cloud layer and negative near cloud top on half‐hourly time scales. Vertically coherent structures spanning through the entire cloud layer were responsible for ∼40% of the observed vertical velocity variance, while horizontally (temporally) coherent structures lasting at least 20 s were responsible for ∼77% of the vertical velocity variance. The half‐hour periods were then classified on the basis of the surface buoyancy flux (B) as small B periods (B < 10 Wm −2 ) and large B periods (B > 60Wm −2 ). Small B periods exhibited lower variance near cloud base compared to large B periods with the differences being reversed near cloud top. The skewness was positive in the cloud layer during large B periods and negative during small B periods, while the skewness was negative near cloud top in both scenarios. The small B periods had about ten times more updrafts greater than 1 m s −1 near cloud top compared to large B periods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".