Ammonia removal from an aqueous solution by the use of a natural zeolite
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of batch experiments were conducted to ascertain the ability of a natural zeolite (a crystalline aluminosilicate) to remove ammonia from synthetic wastewater samples composed of ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH). The reaction with ammonia was observed to be very rapid, with half the amount of ammonium ions being sorbed in the first minute in some instances. Estimated ammonia uptake was favoured by low sorbate concentration, small particle size of sorbent, high temperature, and an alkaline medium. The sorption kinetics studies strongly indicated that the sorption process was largely governed by intraparticle pore diffusion. The effect of temperature on equilibrium at 14 °C and at room temperature (25 °C) showed the sorption process was endothermic, the rate and extent of sorption increasing appreciably with temperature. The equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir sorption model, a possible indication of a monolayer coverage of ammonium ions on the surface of the particle. The Langmuir correlation of the equilibrium data suggested that ion exchange might have been the dominant sorption mechanism. The zeolite seemed to have some fairly good potential for ammonia removal with the sorption capacity being about 4 mmol (NH 4 + ) per 100 g of sorbent. However, this needs to be investigated further through flow-through conditions and in the presence of other ions as in real wastewater. Key words: zeolite, aluminosilicate, sorbent, ammonia nitrogen, sorption, sorbate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".