Environmental, genetic and viral risk factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in North Africa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
NPC (Nasopharyngeal carcinoma) is a tumour that arises in the epithelium surface of the posterior nasopharynx and shows a peculiar geographic and ethnic distribution. Intermediate incidence (8-12 cases/100,000/year) was reported in the North African population (7-10% of all cancers among men), where NPC is also the commonest tumour of the ear, nose and throat region. In Asia, the majority of the cases occur in the fifth and sixth decades of life. In contrast, in North Africa the age distribution is bimodal with a minor peak in people aged between 10 and 25 years old. This juvenile form accounts for approximately 20% of the patients and has specific clinical and biological features. Geographical correlation was also observed between percentages of young cases and consanguinity rates over endemic and non-endemic populations, which may therefore explain the shape of the age curve in North Africa. Regardless of its incidence and geographic distribution, NPC results from the contribution of environmental, genetic and viral factors. These factors might however combine differently for Asian and North African patients and also among North African patients of the two age groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".