Isolation and Characterization of Lignin from Rubber Wood in Ionic Liquid Medium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, lignin was isolated from rubber wood by means of ionic liquid (1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate). The optimum parameters to isolate lignin were investigated which include the concentrations of ionic liquid (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 moles), isolation durations (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes), and isolation temperatures (25, 40, 60, 80, 100°C). The optimum parameters for lignin isolation are 0.5 moles concentration, 120 minutes and 100ºC. Lignin could be isolated from rubber wood up to 13.03wt.% by ionic liquid however, in comparison with acid and alkaline isolation, they give better yields than ionic liquid which 22.15wt.% and 18.56wt.% of lignin, respectively. Lignin preliminary structures isolated by ionic liquid have been confirmed based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results. From these results, isolated lignin by ionic liquid provides lignin without other related isolative. Apart from that, ionic liquid also could be recycled up to three times compared to acid and alkaline isolation methods.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".