HIV Optimism and High-Risk Sexual Behavior in Two Cohorts of Men Who Have Sex With Men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
en who have sex with men (MSM) account for76.3% of the HIV cases in Canada since HIV-reporting began in 1985 (Public Health Agency ofCanada, 2007). There has been a recent increase inunprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among MSMboth in the United States and Canada, which seemsto have occurred soon after the advances in antiretro-viral therapy (ART; George et al., 2006; Katz et al.,2002; Stolte, Dukers, Geskus, Coutinho, & de Wit,2004). HIV optimismdthe term given for a set ofbeliefs that ART has made HIV less of a healththreatdhas been found to be associated with HIVsexual risk behavior among MSM in a recent meta-analysis (Crepaz, Hart, & Marks, 2004), as well asin other studies on MSM (e.g., Cox, Beauchemin, A Peterson & Bakeman, 2006).However, several problems exist regarding thesupport for HIVoptimism as a current risk factor forUAI among MSM. Advances in ART, which havetransformed HIVinto a chronic and treatable disease(Sepkowitz, 2001), have been available in NorthAmerica since 1996 (Wynn, Zapor, & Smith, 2004).In the meantime, concerns that HIV optimism maynot be an important risk factor have emerged becauseofphenomenasuchasstrategicpositioning,wheretheuninfectedpartneristheinsertivepartnerandtheHIV-infected partner is the receptive partner during UAI(Prestage et al., 2005). Second, although evidencesuggests the need to examine the type of sexualpartners in studies on HIV optimism (Cox et al.,2004; Kalichman et al., 2006; Sepkowitz, 2001), fewstudies on HIVoptimism have examined the type ofsexual position, whether the participant’s partnersare HIV seroconcordant or serodiscordant with theparticipant, or controlled for HIV status of theparticipant. Finally, it is unclear whether HIVoptimism would be associated with sexual riskbehavior among MSM in Canada, as Canadianstudies have produced divergent findings regardingHIV optimism and sexual risk behavior (Cox et al.,2004; International Collaboration on HIV Optimism,2003).The primary aim of this study was to examinewhether HIV optimism was associated with UAIamong nonconcordant partners (NC partners: part-ners who are believed to be either of serodiscordant
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".