Musculoskeletal Complications of Hereditary Hemochromatosis: A Case-Control Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Arthropathy that mimics osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP) is considered a classic complication of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) but has never been investigated in a cross-sectional study. We investigated whether HH is associated with increased prevalence of OA and OP and related factors. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 306 patients with HH and 304 age and sex-matched unaffected controls. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 60.1 ± 11.3 years, and 47.4% were women. More patients with HH than controls had been given a diagnosis of OA: 50.5% vs 28.9% [adjusted OR (aOR) 2.5, 95% CI 1.8-3.6]. Compared with controls, patients with HH had a higher risk of knee (aOR 5.3, 95% CI 1.1-25.6) and hip replacement prosthesis (aOR 5.2, 95% CI 2.2-11.9). More patients than controls had been diagnosed with OP: 23.3% vs 4.6% (aOR 7.3, 95% CI 3.2-17.0). Patients with HH showed an increased prevalence, although not significant, of wrist (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 0.9-3.0) or vertebral fractures (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 0.8-3.8). The severity of iron overload, as defined by a ferritin level > 1000 μg/l at diagnosis, was associated with OA (p = 0.0005), OP (p = 0.01), presence of hip prosthesis (p = 0.04), wrist fractures (p = 0.002), and vertebral fractures (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: This case-control study strongly suggests a significant association among HH, OA, and OP. Joint involvement can be severe, especially in patients with substantially elevated ferritin levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".