Active and passive tobacco smoke exposure: A comparison of maternal and child hair cotinine levels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare tobacco smoke exposure in mothers and their healthy children less than 3 years old using hair cotinine (HC) levels as an objective long-term measure of exposure. Hair samples were obtained from mother/child pairs recruited from the Columbus Children's Hospital Primary Care Center, and were analyzed by radioimmunoassay to compare HC levels. Mothers were both self-reported smokers and nonsmokers. Contributing and confounding variables were assessed based on questionnaires completed by participants. Exclusion criteria for children were prematurity and presence of chronic cardiopulmonary disease. Hair samples and questionnaires were obtained from 104 mother/child pairs. Child and maternal HC levels were correlated for both self-reported maternal smokers (R2 = .13, p < .013) and self-reported maternal nonsmokers (R2 = .54, p < 001). Child HC levels were higher than maternal HC levels (1.18 ng/mg vs. .78 ng/mg, p < .001). Children of nonsmokers had higher HC levels than their mothers (.77 ng/mg vs. .35 ng/mg, p < .001), while HC levels of smokers and their children were no different (1.91 ng/mg vs. 1.92 ng/mg, p = .978). The relationship between child and maternal HC did not differ by child age, gender, or race. In conclusion, environmental tobacco smoke exposure in young children as reflected by HC is higher than expected based on prior studies of biomarkers and passive tobacco smoke exposure in adult nonsmokers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".