Bibliographic record
Abstract
The theory of ephemeral continua was proposed to model bodies for which the basic tenet of permanence of material elements fails. The goal of the proposal was, principally, to lessen the impact of critical arguments against the imposition of the principle of material frame-indifference in continuum mechanics. Those arguments were based on the remark that, in any case, any mathematical model of reality is necessarily observer dependent; however, as it happens, they were urged on by noticing that some corollaries in the kinetic theory of gases appear to contradict requirements of frame-indifference. The proposed theory cures that wound via a definition of peculiar velocities which assures their exact observer independence. Besides, that theory o¤ers a wider base, allowing one to breed models for bodies where the processes are irremediably influenced by events at a lower scale, models based so far on a bottom up approach with partly uncertain steps up from the standard case. Here, we proceed via a top down approach, by introducing progressively stronger constraints. Largely, earlier results are confirmed, securer ground is given to some interpretations or alternatives offered. Briefly, the general requirements for any linear constraint to have physical content are stated and their immediate implications are derived. These requirements are applied to study certain special cases of the general constraint. Connections are provided between the consequent simplifications and results available by bottom-up approaches, so to speak—including, in particular, hypocontinua and Navier–Stokes- \alpha, \beta continua. To show that the value of our general approach transcends the building of an all-encompassing framework, we conclude by deriving the reduced balance laws consistent with the most general version of the constraint. These laws open an easy approach to obtaining potentially useful special cases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".