RESPONSE TO LIVE HIGH, TRAIN LOW AMONG ELITE OLYMPIC DISTANCE TRIATHLETES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ôlive high, train lowö (LHTL) on a group of Olympic distance (1.5 K swim, 40 K bike, 10 K run) triathletes. Fourteen males and 6 females aged 17–32 lived for 38 days at 2100 m and commuted daily to train at sea level. Athletes were from Hungary, Czech Republic, Australia, Yugoslavia, Canada, and the United States. Prior to LHTL they underwent comprehensive lab testing including incremental Vo2max on the treadmill, complete blood work, and body composition analysis with air-displacement plethysmography and full body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. All tests were repeated weekly for a total of six test sets. Athletes continued their own training plans, and acted as their own controls. Results: Performance, as measured by Vo2max /treadmill (ml*kg−1*min−1), increased by a mean 5.6% (p = 0.001) over the five week period, peaking at week 4, a mean 6.5% (p = 0.001) from baseline. Males' Vo2max increased by 4.7% (p = 0.004), and females increased by 8.0% (p = 0.003) over five weeks. Body weight decreased slightly by week 3, but overall was well maintained throughout the study for both males and females. However, changes in body fat and lean muscle mass were significant for males. Males lost an average of 1.1 kg of fat weight (p = 0.001) and gained an average of 0.6 kg (p = 0.031). Analysis of blood work showed significant increases in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and volume of red blood cells (rbc*mcv) for females, but not for males. This finding may be explained by the relatively high baseline levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit observed in a few males at week 0. For females, hematocrit increased by 4.4%, (p = 0.019), hemoglobin by 4.3% (p = 0.020), and red blood cell volume 4.4% (p = 0.021). Overall, 9 males and all 6 females responded to the regimen (defined by a > 2% increase in Vo2max/treadmill) while 5 males did not. Increased Vo2max in female responders correlates with changes in blood indices, but not in body composition. Response to LHTL among males is not explained by changes in blood or body composition. CONCLUSION: For some athletes, LHTL potentially offers performance gains as shown by significant changes in several physiological indices over short period of time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".