Multiculturalism, Ethnicity and Minority Rights: The Complexity and Paradox of Ethnic Organizations in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ethno-specific organizations are often criticized for threatening national unity, diluting Canadian identity, and promoting ghettoization and separatism. Drawing from two case studies, this article examines the role of Chinese ethnic organizations in responding to changing community needs in Edmonton and Calgary. The study results suggested that ethno-specific organizations can be an effective alternative in providing accessible and equitable social services for immigrants because they are more closely connected with and responsive to ethnic community needs. The study reveals the salience of ethnicity as both an important resource and a liability. On the one hand, ethnicity was utilized by the state as a way to mobilize ethnic political support to serve an ethnic-specific community; on the other hand, the same ethnicity also became a device for the state to legitimize its political agenda in multiculturizing ethno-specific organizations with an ultimate goal of assimilation. To build an inclusive society, it is imperative to treat ethno-specific organizations as an integral part of Canadian society and to adopt minority rights that recognize and accommodate the distinctive identities and needs of ethno-cultural groups and their ethnic communities. Les organisations ethniques se font souvent critiquer pour menacer l’unité nationale, diluer l’identité canadienne et promouvoir la ghettoïsation et le séparatisme. À partir de l’étude de deux cas, cet article porte sur le rôle d’organisations ethniques chinoises qui répondent aux besoins changeants d’une communauté en évolution à Edmonton et à Calgary. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que des organisations ethniques particulières peuvent représenter une alternative efficace en fournissant des services sociaux accessibles et équitables aux immigrants, parce qu’elles sont plus étroitement connectées aux besoins de la communauté et y répondent mieux. Cette étude révèle le poids de l’ethnicité à la fois comme ressource importante et comme handicap. D’une part, l’État y a recouru comme moyen de mobiliser un soutien politique ethnique afin de servir une communauté correspondante donnée; d’autre part, cette même ethnicité est aussi devenue pour lui un outil qui rend légitime son programme politique visant la multiculturalisation d’organisations ethniques particulières dans un but ultime d’assimilation. Si on veut construire une société inclusive, il est impératif de traiter ces dernières comme faisant partie intégrale de la société canadienne et d’adopter des droits des minorités qui reconnaissent les identités et besoins distincts de groupes ethno-culturels et de leurs communautés, et s’y adaptent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.036 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".