Effect of<i>Trichoderma harzianum</i>on perithecial production of<i>Gibberella zeae</i>on wheat straw
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conidial suspensions and cell-free filtrates of Trichoderma harzianum isolates were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing perithecial and ascospore production of Gibberella zeae on wheat straw. Isolate T-22, which is registered in the US as a biological control agent (Plant Shield™), was included in the study as a positive control. When co-inoculated with G. zeae all 11 isolates of T. harzianum significantly reduced perithecial numbers on wheat straw. Five T. harzianum isolates, including T-22, reduced perithecial formation by 70% or greater. All isolates of G. zeae, varied in their ability to produce perithecia. Isolate 192132 produced the greatest number of perithecia and was used to further evaluate the effect of application time of the T. harzianum isolates. Perithecial reduction was highest (96–99%) when T. harzianum conidial suspension or cell-free filtrate was applied to straw 24 h prior to inoculation with G. zeae. Control was less effective when T. harzianum was applied at the same time (co-inoculated) or 24 h after G. zeae. Treatments which reduced perithecial numbers also reduced ascospore numbers; however, the average numbers of ascospores per perithecia were not significantly lowered. Field trials showed significant reduction of perithecia on residues treated with T. harzianum prior to placement on the soil surface. Both T. harzianum and G. zeae were re-isolated from residues sampled in July and August after 30 and 60 days of exposure to the environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".