Immediate Effects of a Single Inclined Treadmill Walking Session on Level Ground Walking in Individuals After Stroke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Propulsion and paretic plantar flexor activity after stroke are deficient in walking. This study examined whether walking on an inclined treadmill increased muscle activity and whether it resulted in increased propulsion and muscle activity during level ground walking. Nine people with hemiparesis caused by stroke and nine healthy controls participated. The participants walked at treadmill inclines of 0, 2.5, and 5 degrees for 5 mins at each level, for a total walking period of 15 mins. Surface electromyograms were obtained from the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscles. Anterior-posterior ground reaction forces and electromyograms were recorded during overground walking before, immediately after, and 20 mins after inclined treadmill walking. Plantar flexor activity was significantly greater at 2.5 and 5 degree incline compared with no incline bilaterally in healthy controls and in the nonparetic side of people with stroke (P < 0.025) but not in the paretic side (P > 0.245). Electromyograms in control and stroke groups and the propulsive force in controls during overground walking were not significantly different before and after inclined treadmill walking. Overground propulsive forces after inclined treadmill walking in the stroke group were marginally higher in the nonparetic side (P < 0.025) but were slightly lower in the paretic side (P < 0.025). Future tests should study the effect of higher inclines and faster treadmill speeds on paretic electromyogram activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".