Cigarette smoke stimulates the production of chemokines in mast cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major health problem and will become the third largest cause of death in the world by 2020. It is currently believed that an exaggerated inflammatory response to inhaled irritants, in particular, cigarette smoke (CS), causes the progressive airflow limitation, in which macrophages and neutrophils are attracted by chemokines, leading to oxidative stress, emphysema, small airways fibrosis, and mucus hypersecretion. Smoking is also associated with an increase in mast cell numbers in bronchial mucosa. This study was conducted to determine the direct effects of CS on mast cell function, using murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) as an in vitro model. BMMC were cultured from BALB/cBy mice for 3 weeks. Cells were treated with CS medium (CSM) for 30 min or 16 h. The effects of CSM on mast cell degranulation and chemokine production were measured. Moreover, we investigated the effect of CSM on IkappaB-alpha degradation and p38, Erk1/2, p65, and CREB expression by Western blotting. We found that CSM stimulated the release of chemokines in a noncytotoxic manner but did not induce mast cell degranulation. CSM induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2, p38, and CREB and increased translocation of p65 without degradation of IkappaB-alpha NF-kappaB in mast cells. The induction of chemokine production by CSM in mast cells could promote and prolong the inflammatory process. Our observations suggest that mast cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema through a direct effect of CS on the production of proinflammatory chemokines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".