Erectile Dysfunction Among Male Hypertensives in a Tertiary Health Facility in South-West Nigeria
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been associated with hypertension and some other chronic diseases. There are few studies on ED in Nigerian male hypertensives and ED appears to be under-reported. We sought to determine the prevalence of ED among hypertensive and normotensive men and to assess the association of demographics, hypertension, antihypertensive medications and other risk factors with erectile function. METHODS: A comparative cross sectional study was conducted among male adult hypertensive and normotensive patients attending the outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in South-West Nigeria. A systematic random sampling method was employed for the selection of respondents. Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to document socio-demographic data, medical history, social history and degree of ED. Demographic and anthropometric characteristics was obtained from all participants. The International Index of Sexual Health Inventory for men (SHIM) was used to determine the presence and severity of ED. Association between categorical independent variables and erectile function were tested using Chi square and the predictors of erectile dysfunction determined with binary logistic regression model at 5% level of significance. RESULTS: A total of 202 male patients completed the study (101 with established hypertension and 101 normotensives who served as comparative group). The mean age of the respondents was 49.74 ± 16.6 years. A total of 133 (65.8%) respondents had ED in varying severities while 34.2% had normal erectile function. Mild to moderate ED occurred in 29.7% while 36.1% had severe ED. On bivariate analysis, prevalence of ED was higher among hypertensives (75%) than normotensives (56.9%) and this was statistically significant, p = 0.007. On multivariate analysis, the only significant risk factor for ED was age. The elderly aged ? 65 years (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.03-8.35; p = 0.04) and those aged 46-64 years (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.38-6.53; p = 0.006) were 3 times each more likely to have erectile dysfunction compared with those aged ? 45 years. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that erectile dysfunction was prevalent in both hypertensive and normotensive population studied and that this was significantly worse with increasing age. A higher proportion of hypertensives compared to normotensives had erectile dysfunction. We recommend that all men presenting to a physician should have routine evaluation for ED so as to recognise it early and reduce its effects.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it