Intraglomerular Foam Cells and Human Focal Glomerulosclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests a pathogenetic role for lipids in focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) analogous to atherosclerosis. As foam cells (FC) are an important factor in atherosclerosis, a retrospective comparative study was done to evaluate the significance of intraglomerular FC in human FGS. Glomerular FC infiltration was evaluated in 115 biopsies of FGS, 120 biopsies of membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) and 50 biopsies of minimal-change disease (MCD). Selected clinical and laboratory data collected at about the time of biopsy were reviewed. The proportion of biopsies showing glomerular FC was much higher in FGS (70%) than in either MGN (12%) or MCD (0%) p less than 0.001. The mean percent (+/- SD) of glomeruli with FC per biopsy was significantly greater in FGS (7.9 +/- 9.9) than in MGN (2.0 +/- 7.8; p less than 0.0001). Of the 14 MGN biopsies with FC, 13 showed superimposed FGS. Mean serum total cholesterol and triglyceride were not significantly higher in FGS than in either MGN or MCD. The results demonstrate a close association of glomerular FC infiltration with FGS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".