How to measure the duration of subfemtosecond xuv laser pulses using asymmetric photoionization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A technique for directly measuring the duration of subfemtosecond extreme ultraviolet (xuv) laser pulses is proposed. Using the numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for a H atom in the combined field of a near-infrared femtosecond and an xuv attosecond (asec) laser pulse (both linearly polarized), we show that the photoelectrons are emitted preferentially in a forward (or backward) direction, along the laser polarization vector, depending on the delay between two pulses. Our calculations show that the normalized maximal asymmetry ${P}_{3}({\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{asec}})$ (i.e., the signal difference measured by a forward and a backward detector divided by the total signal) exhibits a simple linear dependence on the duration ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{asec}}$ of the attosecond pulse thus allowing one to easily compute the attosecond-pulse duration from measured asymmetry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".