Pb Particles from Tap Water: Bioaccessibility and Contribution to Child Exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High particulate lead (Pb) levels can be measured in tap water, but the hazard linked to particulate Pb ingestion is unknown. An in vitro test was developed to determine the bioaccessibility of Pb particles from tap water, based on the Relative Bioaccessibility Leaching Procedure validated for soils, and applied to lab-generated particles and field particles collected behind the aerator tap. Field particles were found in 43% of the 342 taps investigated equipped with an aerator, and contained significant amounts of Pb (0.003-71%, median 4.7%). The bioaccessibility of lab-generated particles ranged from 2 to 96% depending on the particle type (Pb(II) > Brass > Pb(IV) > solder), while that of field particles was distributed between 1.5 and 100% (median 41%). The hazard of particulate Pb ingestion depends on the amount and concentration ingested, and the bioaccessibility of the particulate Pb forms involved. Using the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic model, the impact of particulate Pb on the exposure of children aged 0.5-7 for the distribution system studied was the most significant when considering a fraction of the exposure from large buildings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".