Minimal Genetic Structure in the Cerulean Warbler Despite Evidence for Ecological Differentiation among Populations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea) is one of the most rapidly declining warblers in North America. Our previous genetic work suggested that this migratory songbird has no significant population genetic structure in the northern and western parts of its breeding range, and for conservation purposes we assigned all sampled populations to a single genetic management unit. Here, we expand this work to include the entire breeding range of the Cerulean Warbler, given recent evidence for morphological and ecological differentiation between the northern and southern sections of that range. We assayed variation in four microsatellite loci and an 841-base-pair fragment of the mitochondrial control region, finding support for low but significant population-genetic structure in the mitochondrial marker. Estimates of population-genetic structure for pairs of sampling locations did not detect a clear geographic pattern of differentiation, and a hierarchical AMOVA did not reveal significant structure between northern and southern locations. These findings, together with previously published evidence for high rates of contemporary dispersal among breeding locations, may support the hypothesis of a long history of gene flow among ecologically distinct Cerulean Warbler populations or may suggest that more recent anthropogenic dispersal has homogenized the genetic signature of differentiation that may have existed in pre-settlement populations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".